erieKivelson,CartographiesofTsardom:TheLandandItsMeaningsinSeventeenth-CenturyRussia(Ithaca,2006),ch.4.
8RobertHughes,TheFatalShore:AHistoryoftheTransportationofConvictstoAustralia,1787–1868(London,1986),p.xi;StephenA.Toth,BeyondPapillon:TheFrenchOverseasPenalColonies,1854–1952(Lincoln,NE,2006),p.12.
9A.P.Chekhov,‘Vssylke’,Polnoesobraniesochineniiipisem,20vols.(Moscow,1944–51),vol.8,p.87.
10Iaroslavskieeparkhial’nyevedomosti,1892,no.24,pp.373–5;Lobashkov,Istoriiassyl’nogokolokola,pp.39–41.
11FrithMaier,‘TheForgottenGeorgeKennan:FromCheerleadertoCriticofTsaristRussia’,WorldPolicyJournal,vol.19,no.4(Winter2002–3),pp.79–84;JaneE.Good,‘AmericaandtheRussianRevolutionaryMovement,1888–1905’,TheRussianReview,vol.41,no.3(July1982),p.274.
12GeorgeL.Yaney,TheSystematizationofRussianGovernment:SocialEvolutionintheDomesticAdministrationofImperialRussia,1711–1905(Urbana,IL,1973);RichardPipes,RussiaUndertheOldRegime,2ndedn(London,1995),ch.11.
1流放制度
起源
1GeorgeV.LantzeffandRichardA.Pierce,EastwardtoEmpire:Explorati
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